The arms race in South America, centered on modernizing national air forces, is rapidly reaching a new level, as countries pursue simultaneous procurement of combat aircraft of virtually any type.
Brazil was first to invest heavily in its air force more than a decade ago, purchasing Swedish Gripen fighters, while Venezuela acquired russian Su-30s in the 2000s. Recently, however, Colombia, Argentina, and Peru have joined the push sparking concern among their neighbors.
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Argentina secured second-hand F-16s that will enter service in 2026, aircraft that had once been considered for Ukraine. Colombia is moving toward a final agreement for Gripens, despite China offering its J-10CE fighters for as little as $40 million apiece. Peru is weighing Gripen, Rafale, and F-16 options, though the high price of the U.S. jet makes a European purchase more likely.
For states unable to afford jets, turboprop aircraft fill the gap. Uruguay is buying six Super Tucanos, which will constitute its entire combat air force, while Paraguay is acquiring the same number through credit financing. Ecuador, meanwhile, is restoring six Super Tucanos retired 15 years ago, boosting its fleet to 24.
Others without even this level of funding are turning to alternatives. Bolivia, for example, is reportedly seeking to produce iranian UAVs, a move consistent with two decades of deepening bilateral ties.
Chile bordering Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru has raised alarms over the regional buildup. Its parliamentary defense committee has launched a security review, though the country already maintains a capable fleet of 46 F-16s, including 36 second-hand Dutch F-16AM/BMs and 10 newer U.S.-built F-16C/Ds. Santiago may now consider upgrading its fighters to more advanced versions.
While Guyana and Suriname can largely be excluded from the equation, the overall militarization trend in South America is clear. With most countries operating under tight defense budgets, the Super Tucano remains a popular choice, while even a single squadron of used F-16s can significantly shift the balance of power in the region.
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