The French Armed Forces are developing their ability to intercept targets flying between 20 and 100 kilometers in altitude, a zone referred to as the Very High Layer (TNE — Très Haute Étage). As part of this effort, the French military recently conducted experimental launches of MICA air-to-air missiles against balloons in the stratosphere.
Although the details of these tests have not been disclosed, the fact that they were conducted is telling. It shows that the French military is seriously concerned that one day, high-altitude Chinese balloons might appear over Paris, and there could be no means to intercept them.
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According to analysts from Opex360, the French Ministry of Armed Forces envisions TNE capability development along three main lines: detection using the over-the-horizon Nostradamus radar, participation in the European satellite early warning project ODIN’s Eye, and high-altitude surveillance platforms, including Stratobus (a stratospheric airship designed to operate above 20 kilometers), Balman (a maneuverable balloon operating above 22 kilometers), and Zephyr (a high-altitude reconnaissance UAV).
However, detection alone is not enough. The military also needs the ability to neutralize high-altitude targets. The French military has set an ambitious goal: expanding current interception capabilities using technologies that push beyond standard operational altitude limits.
This is the logic behind France’s initial experiments. MICA air-to-air missiles, with a launch range of up to 80 kilometers, were used in test engagements against balloons. These launches were carried out from Mirage 2000 and Rafale fighter jets.
Next, the French Army plans to test the suitability of the Aster B1NT missile, intended for the upcoming SAMP/T NG air defense system, for engaging aerial targets at high altitudes. Based on the results, the Ministry of Armed Forces will determine whether existing weapons can effectively intercept such targets, or if entirely new missile systems will be required.
Interestingly, the French military has also drawn on Cold War experience. During that period, Mirage IIIE fighters equipped with SEPR rocket boosters could reach altitudes of up to 28 kilometers.
The concern about Chinese stratospheric balloons first emerged in the French defense establishment in 2024, following the interception of a Chinese high-altitude balloon over the United States in February 2023.
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