In recent weeks, russia has recalibrated the posture of its short and medium-range air defences around Moscow in an effort to more effectively defend against the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) attacks the city now experiences most days, the UK Defense Intelligence reports.

Since early September 2023, russian Pantsir-S1 (SA-22) air defence systems around the capital have been pictured positioned on elevated towers and ramps.
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Previously, following strikes against Engels and Ryazan air bases in December 2022, russia also positioned the Pantsir-S1 (SA-22) systems on the roofs of official buildings in Moscow. This is almost certainly to allow the system to detect and engage UAV-type targets. However, it is probably also intended to act as a high-profile reassurance to the public that the authorities have the threat under control.
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